Betavoltaic device refers to a nuclear battery that generates electric current from beta particles (electrons) emitted from a radioactive source, commonly hydrogen isotope tritium. The function of this device is similar to the photovoltaic cells, providing a continuous and long-lasting power supply. Applications for betavoltaic batteries include implanted medical devices like pacemakers, remote sensors, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Cerium oxide nanoparticles or CeO2 NPs are a sub-classification of rare earth metal oxide nanomaterials exhibiting some highly catalytic, optical, and redox properties. Due to their excellent oxygen storage capabilities and high reactivity over the surface, there are abundant applications in materials science and catalysis research, also in energy and biomedical domains, and environmentally for the treatment of pollutants.